Bundestag
German Bundestag Deutscher Bundestag | |
|---|---|
| 20th Bundestag | |
 | |
| History | |
| Established | 7 September 1949 |
| Preceded by |
|
| Leadership | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 630[1][2] |
.svg) | |
Political groups | Outgoing legislature Government (325)
Opposition (408) |
 | |
Political groups | Incoming legislature Government (caretaker) (205) Opposition (425) |
| Elections | |
| Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) | |
Last election | 23 February 2025 |
Next election | By 2029 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Reichstag building Mitte, Berlin, Germany | |
| Website | |
| bundestag.de | |
| Constitution | |
| Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany | |
| Rules | |
| Rules of Procedure of the German Bundestag and Mediation Committee (English) | |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Politics of Germany |
|---|
 |
The Bundestag (German: [ˈbʊndəstaːk] ⓘ, "Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament. It is the only constitutional body of the federation directly elected by the German people. The Bundestag was established by Title III[c] of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz) in 1949 as one of the legislative bodies of Germany, the other being the Bundesrat. It is thus the historical successor to the earlier Reichstag.
The members of the Bundestag are representatives of the German people as a whole, are not bound by any orders or instructions and are only accountable to their conscience.[d] As of the 20th legislative period, the minimum legal number of members of the Bundestag (German: Mitglieder des Bundestages) is 598;[e] however, due to the system of overhang and leveling seats the current 20th Bundestag has a total of 735 members, making it the largest Bundestag to date and the largest freely elected national parliamentary chamber in the world.[3] From the 21st legislative period on, however, due to changes in the electoral law, it will have a fixed number of 630 members.
The Bundestag is elected every four years by German citizens[f] aged 18 and older.[g] Elections use a mixed-member proportional representation system which combines First-past-the-post voting for constituency-seats with proportional representation to ensure its composition mirrors the national popular vote. The German Bundestag cannot dissolve itself; only the President of Germany can do so under certain conditions.
Together with the Bundesrat, the Bundestag forms the legislative branch of government on federal level. The Bundestag is considerably more powerful than the Bundesrat, which represents the state governments. All bills must first be passed in the Bundestag before they are discussed in the Bundesrat. The Bundesrat can only accept laws passed by the Bundestag without amendment. Only in some areas, where laws directly affect the states, can the Bundesrat reject laws; otherwise, it can only lodge an objection to them, which the Bundestag can overrule. Above all, however, the Chancellor and the federal government are solely responsible to the Bundestag. The Bundestag also has sole budgetary authority.
The Bundestag's presiding officer is the President of the Bundestag; he or she is deputized by the Vice Presidents of the Bundestag. Since 2021, Bärbel Bas of the SPD is the president of the Bundestag. In the protocol order of the federation, the President of the Bundestag ranks second after the President and before the Chancellor.
Since 1999, the Bundestag has met in the Reichstag building in Berlin.[4] The Bundestag also operates in multiple new government buildings in Berlin around the neo-renaissance house and has its own police force (the Bundestagspolizei), directly subordinated to the Bundestag Presidency.
History
[edit]
The first body to be called Bundestag was in the German Confederation (called Deutscher Bund in German). It convened in Frankfurt am Main from 1816 to 1866. In English it is referred to as Federal Convention.
With the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866 and the founding of the German Empire (German Reich) in 1871, the Reichstag was established as the German parliament in Berlin, which was the capital of the then Kingdom of Prussia (the largest and most influential state in both the Confederation and the empire). Two decades later, the current parliament building was erected. The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage (and not the three-class electoral system prevailing in Prussia until 1918). The Reichstag did not participate in the appointment of the chancellor until the parliamentary reforms of October 1918. After the Revolution of November 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Constitution, women were given the right to vote for (and serve in) the Reichstag, and the parliament could use the no-confidence vote to force the chancellor or any cabinet member to resign. In 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor and through the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Enabling Act of 1933 and the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, gained unlimited power. After this, the Reichstag met only rarely, usually at the Kroll Opera House to unanimously rubber-stamp the decisions of the government. It last convened on 26 April 1942.
With the new constitution of 1949, the Bundestag was established as the new West German parliament. Because West Berlin was not officially under the jurisdiction of the constitution, a legacy of the Cold War, the Bundestag met in Bonn in several different buildings, including (provisionally) a former waterworks facility. In addition, owing to the city's legal status, citizens of West Berlin were unable to vote in elections to the Bundestag, and were instead represented by 22 non-voting delegates[5] chosen by the House of Representatives, the city's legislature.[6]
The Bundeshaus in Bonn is the former parliament building of Germany. The sessions of the German Bundestag were held there from 1949 until its move to Berlin in 1999. Today it houses the International Congress Centre Bundeshaus Bonn and in the northern areas the branch office of the Bundesrat ("Federal Council"), which represents the Länder – the federated states. The southern areas became part of German offices for the United Nations in 2008.[7]
The former Reichstag building housed a history exhibition (Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte) and served occasionally as a conference center. The Reichstag building was also occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the Federal Convention, the body which elects the German federal president. However, the Soviets harshly protested against the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany and tried to disturb the sittings by flying supersonic jets close to the building.[citation needed]
Since 19 April 1999, the German parliament has again assembled in Berlin in its original Reichstag building, which was built in 1888 based on the plans of German architect Paul Wallot and underwent a significant renovation under the lead of British architect Lord Norman Foster. Parliamentary committees and subcommittees, public hearings and parliamentary group meetings take place in three auxiliary buildings, which surround the Reichstag building: the Jakob-Kaiser-Haus, Paul-Löbe-Haus and Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus.[8]
In 2005, a small aircraft crashed close to the German Parliament. It was then decided to ban private air traffic over Central Berlin.[9]
Tasks
[edit]Together with the Bundesrat, the Bundestag is the legislative branch of the German political system.
Although most legislation is initiated by the executive branch, the Bundestag considers the legislative function its most important responsibility, concentrating much of its energy on assessing and amending the government's legislative program. The committees (see below) play a prominent role in this process. Plenary sessions provide a forum for members to engage in public debate on legislative issues before them, but they tend to be well attended only when significant legislation is being considered.
The Bundestag members are the only federal officials directly elected by the public; the Bundestag in turn elects the chancellor and, in addition, exercises oversight of the executive branch on issues of both substantive policy and routine administration. This check on executive power can be employed through binding legislation, public debates on government policy, investigations, and direct questioning of the chancellor or cabinet officials. For example, the Bundestag can conduct a question hour (Fragestunde), in which a government representative responds to a written question previously submitted by a member. Members can ask related questions during the question hour. The questions can concern anything from a major policy issue to a specific constituent's problem. Use of the question hour has increased markedly over the past forty years, with more than 20,000 questions being posed during the 1987–90 term. The opposition parties actively exercise their parliamentary right to scrutinize government actions.
Constituent services also take place via the Petition Committee. In 2004, the Petition Committee received over 18,000 complaints from citizens and was able to negotiate a mutually satisfactory solution to more than half of them. In 2005, as a pilot of the potential of internet petitions, a version of e-petitioner was produced for the Bundestag. This was a collaborative project involving The Scottish Parliament, International Teledemocracy Centre and the Bundestag 'Online Services Department'. The system was formally launched on 1 September 2005, and in 2008 the Bundestag moved to a new system based on its evaluation.[10]
Electoral term
[edit]
The Bundestag is elected for four years, and new elections must be held between 46 and 48 months after the beginning of its electoral term, unless the Bundestag is dissolved prematurely. Its term ends when the next Bundestag convenes, which must occur within 30 days of the election.[11] The principle applies that there can be no 'period without parliament'. An elected Bundestag is fully competent to act until a newly elected Bundestag convenes for its first session. Prorogations and dissolutions (in the strict sense), as known in the Westminster system, do not exist in Germany. Even an early dissolution of the Bundestag, as occurred in 1972, 1983, 2005 and 2025, in practice only leads to an early election, but does not end the legislative period itself.[h][12]
Election system (since 2023)
[edit]Germany uses the mixed-member proportional representation system, a system of proportional representation combined with elements of first-past-the-post voting. Before an electoral reform in 2023, the Bundestag nominally had 598 members, with the mixture of majority and proportional representation regularly leading to a large number of additional overhang and compensation mandates.[13] In 2023, this was remedied with a series of changes that led to a fixed number of seats of 630 and significantly increased the proportional aspect; after this revised electoral law was confirmed by the Federal Constitutional Court with some modifications following constitutional complaints, it was applied for the first time in 2025.
Every elector has two votes: a constituency vote (first vote) and a party list vote (second vote). Based solely on the first votes, 299 members are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting (Direktmandat). The second votes are used to produce a proportional number of seats for parties (Listenkandidat), first on the federal level and then on state level (Sainte-Laguë method). In most cases, the number of constituencies won by a party in a given state does not exactly correspond to the number of seats to which the party is entitled according to the second-vote result in that state. This is balanced in two different ways:
- If a party wins more constituency seats in a state than its second votes would entitle it to, only the correspondent number of constituency winners with the highest percentage of first votes are elected.[i]
- If a party wins fewer constituencies in a state than it is entitled to based on the second-vote result, the highest-placed candidates from the state list are elected accordingly to the additional seats.
If a member leaves the Bundestag during the legislative period, another candidate from the respective state moves into the Bundestag; in this case, constituency winners who were not initially considered (in the first scenario) are considered first (again in the order of their first-vote percentage results), followed by candidates from the state list.
To qualify for any seats, however, a party must either win three single-member constituencies via first votes (basic mandate clause) or exceed a threshold of 5% of the second votes nationwide. This does not apply to independent constituency candidates, however: these always enter the Bundestag if they win their constituency. Seats allocated in this way are subtracted from the base number of 630 when the mandates are distributed among the parties. In addition, the second votes of voters who have elected a successful independent constituency candidate are not taken into account when calculating the number of mandates (although they are for the 5% threshold).
Parties representing recognized national minorities (currently Danes, Frisians, Sorbs, and Romani people) are exempt from both the 5% national threshold and the basic mandate clause, but must still meet state-level qualifications. The only party that has been able to benefit from this provision so far on the federal level is the South Schleswig Voters' Association, which represents the minorities of Danes and Frisians in Schleswig-Holstein and managed to win a seat in 1949, 2021, and 2025.[14]
Latest election result
[edit]Regular election of 2021
[edit]The latest federal election was held on Sunday, 26 September 2021, to elect the members of the 20th Bundestag.
 | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Constituencies | Party list | Total seats |
+/– | ||||||||||
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |||||||||
| Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 12,234,690 | 26.4 | 121 | 11,955,434 | 25.7 | 85 | 206 | +53 | ||||||
| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)[j] | 10,451,524 | 22.5 | 98 | 8,775,471 | 18.9 | 54 | 152 | −48 | ||||||
| Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE) | 6,469,081 | 14.0 | 16 | 6,852,206 | 14.8 | 102 | 118 | +51 | ||||||
| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 4,042,951 | 8.7 | 0 | 5,319,952 | 11.5 | 92 | 92 | +12 | ||||||
| Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 4,695,611 | 10.1 | 16 | 4,803,902 | 10.3 | 67 | 83 | −11 | ||||||
| Christian Social Union (CSU)[j] | 2,788,048 | 6.0 | 45 | 2,402,827 | 5.2 | 0 | 45 | −1 | ||||||
| The Left (DIE LINKE) | 2,307,536 | 5.0 | 3 | 2,270,906 | 4.9 | 36 | 39 | −30 | ||||||
| Free Voters (FREIE WÄHLER) | 1,334,739 | 2.9 | 0 | 1,127,784 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Human Environment Animal Protection Party | 163,201 | 0.4 | 0 | 675,353 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Grassroots Democratic Party (dieBasis) | 735,451 | 1.6 | 0 | 630,153 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Die PARTEI | 543,145 | 1.2 | 0 | 461,570 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Team Todenhöfer | 5,700 | 0.0 | 0 | 214,535 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Pirate Party Germany (PIRATEN) | 60,839 | 0.1 | 0 | 169,923 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Volt Germany (Volt) | 78,339 | 0.2 | 0 | 165,474 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) | 152,792 | 0.3 | 0 | 112,314 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| National Democratic Party (NPD) | 1,090 | 0.0 | 0 | 64,574 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| South Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW) | 35,027 | 0.1 | 0 | 55,578 | 0.1 | 1[k] | 1 | +1 | ||||||
| Party for Health Research | 2,842 | 0.0 | 0 | 49,349 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| The Humanists (Die Humanisten) | 12,730 | 0.0 | 0 | 47,711 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Alliance C – Christians for Germany | 6,222 | 0.0 | 0 | 39,868 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Bavaria Party (BP) | 36,748 | 0.1 | 0 | 32,790 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| V-Partei³ | 10,644 | 0.0 | 0 | 31,884 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Independents for Citizen-oriented Democracy | 13,421 | 0.0 | 0 | 22,736 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| The Greys (Die Grauen) | 2,368 | 0.0 | 0 | 19,443 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| The Urbans. A HipHop Party (du.) | 1,912 | 0.0 | 0 | 17,811 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Marxist–Leninist Party (MLPD) | 22,534 | 0.0 | 0 | 17,799 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| German Communist Party (DKP) | 5,446 | 0.0 | 0 | 14,925 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Animal Protection Alliance (Tierschutzallianz) | 7,371 | 0.0 | 0 | 13,672 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| European Party Love (LIEBE) | 873 | 0.0 | 0 | 12,967 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Liberal Conservative Reformers (LKR) | 10,767 | 0.0 | 0 | 11,159 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Lobbyists for Children (LfK) | – | – | – | 9,189 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| The III. Path (III. Weg) | 515 | 0.0 | 0 | 7,832 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Garden Party (MG) | 2,095 | 0.0 | 0 | 7,611 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Citizens' Movement (BÜRGERBEWEGUNG) | 1,556 | 0.0 | 0 | 7,491 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Democracy in Motion (DiB) | 2,609 | 0.0 | 0 | 7,184 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Human World (MENSCHLICHE WELT) | 656 | 0.0 | 0 | 3,786 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| The Pinks/Alliance 21 (BÜNDNIS21) | 377 | 0.0 | 0 | 3,488 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Party of Progress (PdF) | – | – | – | 3,228 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Socialist Equality Party (SGP) | – | – | – | 1,417 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Civil Rights Movement Solidarity (BüSo) | 811 | 0.0 | 0 | 727 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Climate List Baden-Württemberg (KlimalisteBW) | 3,967 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | New | ||||||
| Family Party of Germany (FAMILIE) | 1,817 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Democracy by Referendum (Volksabstimmung) | 1,086 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Grey Panthers (Graue Panther) | 961 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | New | ||||||
| Thuringian Homeland Party (THP) | 549 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | New | ||||||
| The Others (sonstige) | 256 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | New | ||||||
| Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei" (B*) | 222 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Independents and voter groups | 110,894 | 0.2 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Valid votes | 46,362,013 | 98.9 | – | 46,442,023 | 99.1 | – | – | – | ||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 492,495 | 1.1 | – | 412,485 | 0.9 | – | – | – | ||||||
| Total votes | 46,854,508 | 100.0 | 299 | 46,854,508 | 100.0 | 437 | 736 | +27 | ||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 61,181,072 | 76.6 | – | 61,181,072 | 76.6 | – | – | – | ||||||
| Source: Bundeswahlleiter | ||||||||||||||
Repeat election of 2024
[edit]In several districts of Berlin the 2021 election was repeated due to irregularities. This changed the number of additional mandates of the Bundestag from 138 to 137, resulting in the FDP losing a seat.[15]
List of Bundestag by session
[edit]| Seat distribution in the German Bundestag (at the beginning of each session) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Session | Election | Seats | CDU/CSU | SPD | FDP | Greens[l] | The Left[m] | AfD | Others Sonstige |
| 1st | 1949 | 402 | 139 | 131 | 52 | – | – | – | 80[n] |
| 2nd | 1953 | 487 | 243 | 151 | 48 | – | – | – | 45[o] |
| 3rd | 1957 | 497 | 270 | 169 | 41 | – | – | – | 17[p] |
| 4th | 1961 | 499 | 242 | 190 | 67 | – | – | – | – |
| 5th | 1965 | 496 | 245 | 202 | 49 | – | – | – | – |
| 6th | 1969 | 496 | 242 | 224 | 30 | – | – | – | – |
| 7th | 1972 | 496 | 225 | 230 | 41 | – | – | – | – |
| 8th | 1976 | 496 | 243 | 214 | 39 | – | – | – | – |
| 9th | 1980 | 497 | 226 | 218 | 53 | – | – | – | – |
| 10th | 1983 | 498 | 244 | 193 | 34 | 27 | – | – | – |
| 11th | 1987 | 497 | 223 | 186 | 46 | 42 | – | – | – |
| 12th | 1990 | 662 | 319 | 239 | 79 | 8 | 17 | – | – |
| 13th | 1994 | 672 | 294 | 252 | 47 | 49 | 30 | – | – |
| 14th | 1998 | 669 | 245 | 298 | 43 | 47 | 36 | – | – |
| 15th | 2002 | 603 | 248 | 251 | 47 | 55 | 2 | – | – |
| 16th | 2005 | 614 | 226 | 222 | 61 | 51 | 54 | – | – |
| 17th | 2009 | 622 | 239 | 146 | 93 | 68 | 76 | – | – |
| 18th | 2013 | 630 | 311 | 192 | – | 63 | 64 | – | – |
| 19th | 2017 | 709 | 246 | 153 | 80 | 67 | 69 | 94 | – |
| 20th | 2021 | 736(735)[q] | 197 | 206 | 92(91) | 118 | 39 | 83 | 1[r] |
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Timeline of the political parties who got elected into the Bundestag | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1940s | 1950s | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | 2020s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | |
| CSU | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CDU | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Centre | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BHE | GB/BHE | GDP | DSU | AfD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DP | DP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FDP | FVP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FDP | FDP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| WAV | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SSW | SSW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greens | Alliance 90/Greens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greens/Alliance 90 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SPD | SPD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| WASG | The Left | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KPD | PDS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NDP | DRP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DRP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Presidents since 1949
[edit]| No. | Name | Party | Beginning of term | End of term | Length of term |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Erich Köhler (1892–1958) | CDU | 7 September 1949 | 18 October 1950[s] | 1 year, 41 days |
| 2 | Hermann Ehlers (1904–1954) | CDU | 19 October 1950 | 29 October 1954[t] | 4 years, 10 days |
| 3 | Eugen Gerstenmaier (1906–1986) | CDU | 16 November 1954 | 31 January 1969[u] | 14 years, 76 days |
| 4 | Kai-Uwe von Hassel (1913–1997) | CDU | 5 February 1969 | 13 December 1972 | 3 years, 312 days |
| 5 | Annemarie Renger[v] (1919–2008) | SPD | 13 December 1972 | 14 December 1976 | 4 years, 1 day |
| 6 | Karl Carstens (1914–1992) | CDU | 14 December 1976 | 31 May 1979[w] | 2 years, 168 days |
| 7 | Richard Stücklen (1916–2002) | CSU | 31 May 1979 | 29 March 1983 | 3 years, 363 days |
| 8 | Rainer Barzel (1924–2006) | CDU | 29 March 1983 | 25 October 1984[u] | 1 year, 210 days |
| 9 | Philipp Jenninger (1932–2018) | CDU | 5 November 1984 | 11 November 1988[u] | 4 years, 6 days |
| 10 | Rita Süssmuth (b. 1937) | CDU | 25 November 1988 | 26 October 1998 | 9 years, 335 days |
| 11 | Wolfgang Thierse (b. 1943) | SPD | 26 October 1998 | 18 October 2005 | 6 years, 357 days |
| 12 | Norbert Lammert (b. 1948) | CDU | 18 October 2005 | 24 October 2017 | 12 years, 6 days |
| 13 | Wolfgang Schäuble (1942–2023) | CDU | 24 October 2017 | 26 October 2021 | 4 years, 2 days |
| 14 | Bärbel Bas (b. 1968) | SPD | 26 October 2021 | present | 3 years, 129 days |
Membership
[edit]Organization
[edit]
Factions and groups
[edit]The most important organisational structures within the Bundestag are 'factions' (Fraktionen; sing. Fraktion). A parliamentary faction must consist of at least 5% of all members of parliament. Members of parliament from different parties may only join in a group if those parties did not run against each other in any German state during the election. Normally, all parties that surpassed the 5%-threshold build a faction. The CDU and CSU have always formed a joint faction, called CDU/CSU or Union. This is possible, as the CSU only runs in the state of Bavaria and the CDU only runs in the other 15 states. The size of a faction determines the extent of its representation on committees, the time slots allotted for speaking, the number of committee chairs it can hold, and its representation in executive bodies of the Bundestag. The factions, not the members, receive the bulk of government funding for legislative and administrative activities.
The leadership of each fraction consists of a parliamentary party leader, several deputy leaders, and an executive committee. The leadership's major responsibilities are to represent the Fraktion, enforce party discipline and orchestrate the party's parliamentary activities. The members of each Fraktion are distributed among working groups focused on specific policy-related topics such as social policy, economics, and foreign policy. The Fraktion meets every Tuesday afternoon in the weeks in which the Bundestag is in session to consider legislation before the Bundestag and formulate the party's position on it.
Parties that do not hold 5% of the Bundestag-seats may be granted the status of a group in the Bundestag; this is decided case by case, as the rules of procedure do not state a fixed number of seats for this. This status entails some privileges which are in general less than those of a faction.
Executive bodies
[edit]The Bundestag's executive bodies include the Council of Elders and the Presidium. The council consists of the Bundestag leadership, together with the most senior representatives of each Fraktion, with the number of these representatives tied to the strength of the Parliamentary groups in the chamber. The council is the coordination hub, determining the daily legislative agenda and assigning committee chairpersons based on Parliamentary group representation. The council also serves as an important forum for interparty negotiations on specific legislation and procedural issues. The Presidium is responsible for the routine administration of the Bundestag, including its clerical and research activities. It consists of the chamber's president (usually elected from the largest Fraktion) and vice presidents (one from each Fraktion).
Committees
[edit]Most of the legislative work in the Bundestag is the product of standing committees, which exist largely unchanged throughout one legislative period. The number of committees approximates the number of federal ministries, and the titles of each are roughly similar (e.g., defense, agriculture, and labor). There are, as of the current nineteenth Bundestag, 24 standing committees. The distribution of committee chairs and the membership of each committee reflect the relative strength of the various Parliamentary groups in the chamber. In the current nineteenth Bundestag, the CDU/CSU chaired ten committees, the SPD five, the AfD and the FDP three each, The Left and the Greens two each. Members of the opposition party can chair a significant number of standing committees (e.g. the budget committee is by tradition chaired by the biggest opposition party). These committees have either a small staff or no staff at all.
Administration
[edit]The members of Bundestag and the presidium are supported by the Bundestag Administration. It is headed by the Director, that reports to the President of the Bundestag. The Bundestag Administrations four departments are Parliament Service, Research, Information / Documentation and Central Affairs. The Bundestag Administration employs around 3,000 employees.
Principle of discontinuation
[edit]Following the tradition of German diets, the Bundestag is subject to the principle of discontinuation, meaning that a newly elected Bundestag is legally regarded to be a body and entity completely different from the previous Bundestag. This leads to the result that any motion, application or action submitted to the previous Bundestag, e.g. a bill referred to the Bundestag by the Federal Government, is regarded as void by non-decision (German terminology: "Die Sache fällt der Diskontinuität anheim"). Thus any bill that has not been decided upon by the beginning of the new electoral period must be brought up by the government again if it aims to uphold the motion, this procedure in effect delaying the passage of the bill. Furthermore, any newly elected Bundestag will have to freshly decide on the rules of procedure (Geschäftsordnung), which is done by a formal decision of taking over such rules from the preceding Bundestag by reference. If the succeeding Bundestag convents with same or similar majorities like its predecessor, the parliament can decide to take over earlier initiatives of legislation in the same fashion to abbreviate the process, thus effectively breaking the principle of discontinuation by a pull. The discontinuation of the parliament is the reason why the four-year-long convent is numbered. The current convent is numbered the 20th Bundestag.
Any Bundestag (even after a snap election) is considered dissolved only once a newly elected Bundestag has actually gathered in order to constitute itself (Article 39 sec. 1 sentence 2 of the Basic Law), which has to happen within 30 days of its election (Article 39 sec. 2 of the Basic Law). Thus, it may happen (and has happened) that the old Bundestag gathers and makes decisions even after the election of a new Bundestag that has not gathered in order to constitute itself. For example, elections to the 16th Bundestag took place on 18 September 2005,[16] but the 15th Bundestag still convened after election day to make some decisions on German military engagement abroad,[17] and was entitled to do so, as the newly elected 16th Bundestag did not convene for the first time until 18 October 2005.[18]
Location
[edit]Also following the tradition of German diets, the German Bundestag can legally convene on any location, domestic and foreign. The Reichstag plenary chamber is not determined by law as the location of the assembly, making it a facility of convenience. Bundestag's predecessor, the German Reichstag, convened in the Kroll Opera House in Berlin, after the Reichstag with its then wooden interior and walls burned down in the Reichstag fire.
After World War II, the Bundestag did not have own facilities to call home and had to convene in the Bundeshaus in Bonn together with the Bundesrat. 1953, the plenary chambers in the Bundeshaus had to be expanded and the Bundestag assembled in a radio building in Cologne. Until 1965, the Bundestag assembled in West Berlin for nine sessions. Seven sessions have been held in the Technische Universität Berlin and two sessions in Berlin's Congress Hall in Tiergarten. The assemblies met severe protest from the communist side, the last session even interrupted by Soviet aircraft in supersonic low-altitude flight. 1971, the four occupying powers agree to not accept Bundestag assemblies in West Berlin anymore. The Bundestag assembled in the Old Waterworks Building in Bonn when the old plenary chamber had to get broken down, and in the new plenary chamber for only a few years after Germany's reunification.
The most distinctive assembly of the Bundestag outsite its regular chambers was on 4 October 1990, the day after German reunification. The Bundestag assembled inside the Reichstag building in Berlin for the first time after 57 years, and remote from its then-regular home in Bonn. Soon after this most memorable assembly, the Bundestag decided to move from Bonn back to Berlin by a law which sets only the city of Berlin to be the home of the Bundestag, not the building.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Informational notes
- ^ The Rules of Procedure of the Bundestag (German: Geschäftsordnung) allocate one Vice-President to each political group (Fraktion). However, each candidate must still be elected by a parliamentary majority. Due to the candidates put forth by the AfD and their unanimous rejection by all other parties, no AfD candidate has reached such a majority.
- ^ Though the by-laws of the Bundestag do not mention such a position, the leader of the largest opposition Fraktion is called leader of the opposition by convention.
- ^ Articles 38 to 49
- ^ Article 38 Section 1 Grundgesetz
- ^ Paragraph 1 Section 1 of the Federal Elections Act (Bundeswahlgesetz)
- ^ German Citizens are defined in Article 116 Grundgesetz
- ^ Article 38 Section 2 Grundgesetz: Any person who has attained the age of eighteen shall be entitled to vote; any person who has attained the age of majority may be elected.
- ^ Prior to 1976, there could be a period where one Bundestag had been dissolved and the next Bundestag could not be convened; during this period, the rights of the Bundestag were exercised by a so-called "Permanent Committee".
- ^ Before 2023, overhang seats were added for the surplus constituency seats a party had won, and levelling seats added to maintain the proportional share of other parties. Levelling seats were also added to maintain the proportional share of seats between different states.
- ^ a b The Christian Democratic Union and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria do not compete against each other in the same states and form one group within the Bundestag.
- ^ As reflected by the electoral threshold in Germany, parties are usually required to meet a threshold of at least 5% of nationwide votes or win at least 3 constituency seats; the SSW got a seat as a representative of a recognised minority group (in their case, Danes and Frisians), an exception enshrined into German electoral law.
- ^ 1983 to 1994 The Greens and 1990 to 1994 Alliance 90, since 1994 Alliance 90/The Greens
- ^ 1990 to 2005 PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism), 2005 to 2007 The Left Party.PDS, since 2007 The Left
- ^ DP 17, BP 17, KPD 15, WAV 12, Centre Party 10, DKP-DRP 5, SSW 1, Independents 3
- ^ DP 15, GB/BHE 27, Centre Party 3
- ^ DP
- ^ The FDP lost a seat in the repeat of a small part of the election in 2024.
- ^ SSW
- ^ Resigned for medical reasons
- ^ Died in office
- ^ a b c Resigned for political reasons
- ^ First woman to hold the post
- ^ Elected President of Germany
Citations
- ^ "Deutscher Bundestag - Abgeordnete". Deutscher Bundestag (in German). Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ "Scheuer legt Mandat nieder: Warum sein Sitz nun leer bleibt". ZDFheute (in German). 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ Mayer, Tilman (14 July 2021). "Das größte Parlament der Welt wächst und wächst: Politik bläht Bundestag immer weiter auf". FOCUS online. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ^ "Plenarsaal "Deutscher Bundestag" – The Path of Democracy". www.wegderdemokratie.de. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ Germany at the Polls: The Bundestag Elections of the 1980s, Karl H. Cerny, Duke University Press, 1990, page 34
- ^ GERMANY (FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF) Date of Elections: 5 October 1980, International Parliamentary Union
- ^ "The United Nations in Germany". Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations in New York. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ "Staatsrat verurteilt friedensgefährdende Bundestagsprovokation". Neues Deutschland. 9 April 1965. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ "Small Plane Crashes Near German Parliament". amp.dw.com. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Trenel, M. (2007). "Öffentliche Petitionen beim deutschen Bundestag - erste Ergebnisse der Evaluation des Modellversuchs = An Evaluation Study of Public Petitions at the German Parliament" (PDF). TAB Brief Nr 32. Deutscher Bundestag. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ^ "Basic Law, Article 39: Electoral term – Convening". Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ Schäfer, Friedrich (2013). Der Bundestag: Eine Darstellung seiner Aufgaben und seiner Arbeitsweise [The Bundestag: Its tasks and procedures] (in German). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 28. ISBN 9783322836434.
- ^ Martin Fehndrich; Wilko Zicht; Matthias Cantow (22 September 2017). "Wahlsystem der Bundestagswahl". Wahlrecht.de. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ NDR (26 September 2021), Stefan Seidler (SSW): "Die ersten Zahlen sind sensationell" (in German), retrieved 27 September 2021
- ^ "Deutscher Bundestag - FDP-Fraktion verliert Sitz nach Wiederholungswahl in Berlin".
- ^ "Verkürzte Fristen zur vorgezogenen Neuwahl des Deutschen Bundestages" (Press release). Bundeswahlleiter. 25 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
- ^ "Stenographischer Bericht der 187. Sitzung des 15. Deutschen Bundestages am 28. September 2005" [Stenographic report of the 187th session of the 15th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-09-28] (PDF). Deutscher Bundestag. 28 September 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
- ^ "Stenographischer Bericht der 1. Sitzung des 16. Deutschen Bundestages am 18. Oktober 2005" [Stenographic report of the 1st session of the 16th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-10-18] (PDF). Deutscher Bundestag. 18 October 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
External links
[edit]
- Official website
- German election database
- Map of constituencies
- Distribution of power
- Plenary speech search engine
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